Child ATDs have been previously utilized to assess child injuries. Ĭhild anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and pediatric finite element (FE) models are two major tools to assess child injuries.
With child growth, the cranium becomes a three-layered sandwich structure. At birth, the cranium is a layer of thin plate. The composition of a pediatric skull also differs from the adult.
The fibrous tissues in sutures and fontanels allow the cranium to adapt to the fast growth of the brain and they gradually calcify and close until 2–3 years of age. Head shape also differs between infants and adults, such that the infant skull has greater frontal and parietal prominences, making the face tuck below the brain cage. The growth rate of a pediatric head generally slows with an increase in age and the growth leads to different inertial properties and head contours at different ages. The head of an infant or a young child is proportionately larger than that of an adult. As a result, a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy and geometry of a pediatric head is necessary to conduct an accurate prediction of pediatric head injuries using injury assessment tools. The geometric variation of the suture, fontanel ossification, and continual bone development with child growth translate into significant differences in skull stiffness across infants and young children of different ages. The head is one of the most frequently injured body regions for children and head injury is the leading cause of pediatric fatality and disability in the United States. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: The raw data of this study have been submitted to Dryad and are available at doi: 10.5061/dryad.p4p62.įunding: This study was supported by the National Institute of Justice (2012-DN-BX-K045): MR JR JH Foundation of Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology from China: ZL WL China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014T70071): ZL. Received: NovemAccepted: ApPublished: May 18, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Li et al. PLoS ONE 10(5):Īcademic Editor: James Cray Jr., Medical University of South Carolina, UNITED STATES (2015) A Statistical Skull Geometry Model for Children 0-3 Years Old. The statistical geometry model developed in this study can provide a geometrical basis for future development of child anthropomorphic test devices and pediatric head finite element models.Ĭitation: Li Z, Park B-K, Liu W, Zhang J, Reed MP, Rupp JD, et al. The skull thickness and suture width vary with age, head circumference and location, which will have important effects on skull stiffness and injury prediction. The size and shape of the pediatric skull change significantly with age and head circumference.
DIFFERENT HUMAN HEAD SHAPES SERIES
Geometric features important for injury prediction, including skull size and shape, skull thickness and suture width, along with their variations among the sample population, were quantified through a series of image and statistical analyses. In this study, head CT scans from fifty-six 0–3 YO children were used to develop a statistical model of pediatric skull geometry. To accurately assess the head injury risks for children, it is necessary to understand the geometry of the pediatric head and how morphologic features influence injury causation within the 0–3 YO population. Pediatric heads change rapidly in both size and shape during growth, especially for children under 3 years old (YO). Head injury is the leading cause of fatality and long-term disability for children.
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